Disability Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: Assessing Vulnerabilities and Local Responses in Maasin City, Philippines

Kristoper Rex Oraiz; Elmee Joy Oraiz

Authors

Kristoper Rex Oraiz Southern Leyte State University, Philippines
Elmee Joy Oraiz Department at Southern Leyte State University – Maasin City Campus, Philippines

Keywords:

vulnerabilities, inclusiveness, disaster, persons with disabilities

Abstract

Age and Disability Consortium. (2018). Minimum standards for age and disability inclusion in humanitarian action. https://adstandards.org/

Cabauatan, R. J., Mendoza, A. V., & Torres, M. L. (2021). Disaster preparedness and disability inclusion: Gaps in Philippine evacuation facilities. Philippine Journal of Social Development, 14(2), 55–72.

Calumba, S. R., Santiago, J. M., & Ueda, T. (2021). Earthquake evacuation choice and management in a developing archipelagic country—A case study of Surigao City, Philippines. Sustainability, 13(11), 5783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115783

Chang, K.-Y. J., Villeneuve, M., Crawford, T., Yen, I., Dominey-Howes, D., & Llewellyn, G. (2023). Disaster preparedness, capabilities, and support needs: The lived experience perspectives of people with disability. Disabilities, 3(4), 648–665. https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities3040042

Chang, Y., Chen, L., & Wu, Y. (2022). Family caregiving burden in households with multiple members having chronic illnesses or disabilities: A population-based study. Journal of Family Nursing, 28(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/10748407211049844

Crawford, T., Chang, K.-Y. J., Nila, F., Subramaniam, P., Bethune, L., Parkinson, D., & Villeneuve, M. (2023). The intersectionality of gender, sexual identity, and disability in disaster risk reduction in OECD countries: A rapid scoping review. Disabilities, 3(4), 562–578. https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities3040036

Disability Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction Network. (n.d.). A synthesis of disability-inclusive disaster risk reduction assessments: Findings from seven countries. DIDRRN. https://didrrn.net/resource/a-synthesis-of-disability-inclusive-disaster-risk-reduction-assesments-findings-from-seven-countries/

Gonzalez, M., Santos, R., & Soriano, F. (2022). The resilience of families in emergency evacuation centers: A case study of Typhoon Haiyan survivors in the Philippines. Disaster Prevention and Management, 31(6), 763–779. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-12-2021-0463

Handicap International. (2012). Disability inclusive community-based disaster risk management: A toolkit. Handicap International.

Harvard Humanitarian Initiative. (2023). Filipino PWDs struggle more in disaster recovery and preparedness. https://hhi.harvard.edu/blog/filipino-pwds-struggle-more-disaster-recovery-and-preparedness

Hernandez, L. A., Pineda, R., & Reyes, A. (2021). Strain on family relationships during disasters: A study of displaced families in the Philippines. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 57, 102191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102191

International Labour Organization. (2022). Decent work for persons with disabilities: Promoting rights in the workplace. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/disability-and-work/lang--en/index.htm

Junod, A., Santos, M. J., & Lee, H. (2024). Disability, housing, and disaster vulnerability: A cross-regional analysis. Journal of Environmental Risk and Social Policy, 12(1), 44–59.

Kaya, A., & Karanci, A. N. (2023). The experiences of people with disabilities in the 2020 Izmir earthquake: A qualitative study. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 85, 103548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103548

Manalo-Asay, M. (2024). Disability-inclusion in disaster risk reduction management (DRRM) programs of the municipalities in Camarines Norte. International Journal of Innovative Studies, 10(1). https://ijois.com/index.php/ijoisjournal/article/view/192

Nielo, L. C. G. (2024). A disaster communication plan for higher education institutions in the island province of Occidental Mindoro, Philippines. Frontiers in Communication. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2024.1368221

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). (2020). Flood information. https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/flood

Philippine Consortium on Social Protection. (n.d.). Promoting self-development and access and participation of persons with disability: A policy brief. https://planinternational.org/uploads/sites/25/2022/03/policy_brief_pwd_final.pdf

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2020). 2020 census of population and housing: Population of Maasin City. https://psa.gov.ph/content/2020-census-population-and-housing-population-maasin-city

Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2021). Correlates of caregiver burden: A meta-analysis. The Gerontologist, 61(5), e185–e197. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa074

PreventionWeb. (2023). Poverty, inequality and disaster risk: Findings from Southeast Asia. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/poverty-inequality-and-disaster-risk-southeast-asia

Rappler. (2019, September 1). Coronavirus pandemic exposes gap in evacuation centers in the Philippines. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/coronavirus-pandemic-exposes-gap-evacuation-centers-philippines/

Republic Act No. 10121. (2010). An act strengthening the Philippine disaster risk reduction and management system, providing for the national disaster risk reduction and management framework and institutionalizing the national disaster risk reduction and management plan. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2010/05/27/republic-act-no-10121/

Republic Act No. 7277. (1992). Magna Carta for disabled persons, as amended by R.A. 9442 and R.A. 10524. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1992/03/24/republic-act-no-7277/

Rofiah, N. H., Kawai, N., & Hayati, E. N. (2024). Disability-inclusive disaster risk reduction in schools: A confirmatory factor analysis. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 16(1), a1559. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v16i1.1559

Setijaningrum, E., Kassim, A., Soeginio, A., & Ariawantara, P. (2024). Beyond tokenism, toward resilience: Furthering a paradigmatic shift in disability-inclusive disaster risk reduction. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 2319376. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2319376

Southern Leyte Provincial Government. (2020). Natural disaster risk profile: Province of Southern Leyte. https://www.scribd.com/document/539335215/Southern-Leyte-Tsunami-3

Sphere Association. (2018). The Sphere handbook: Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response (4th ed.). https://spherestandards.org/handbook

Tan, M. L., & Gaillard, J. C. (2023). Disability, communication, and disaster preparedness: Reframing access to information as a rights-based priority. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 93, 103962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103962

Thompson, R., & Dizon, R. A. (2023). Inclusive infrastructure and emergency response: Challenges for persons with disabilities in the Philippines. Journal of Disability and Development, 15(2), 88–103.

United Nations. (2006). Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/convention/convoptprot-e.pdf

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. https://www.undrr.org/publication/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2023). 2023 global survey report on persons with disabilities and disasters. https://www.undrr.org/report/2023-gobal-survey-report-on-persons-with-disabilities-and-disasters

Villeneuve, M., Abson, L., Pertiwi, P., & Moss, M. (2021). Applying a person-centered capability framework to inform targeted action on disability-inclusive disaster risk reduction. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 52, 101979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101979

World Health Organization. (2023, March 7). Disability and health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health(World Health Organization (WHO)

Author Biographies

Kristoper Rex Oraiz, Southern Leyte State University, Philippines

Kristoper Rex B. Oraiz, MSSW, RSW, an instructor in the Social Work Department at Southern Leyte State University - Maasin City Campus, Philippines. A registered social worker, he holds a Master of Science in Social Work degree and brings extensive field experience to his academic role. Prior to joining the academe, he served as a Program Manager for a non-government organization advocating for marginalized sectors, including children, women, persons with disabilities, and indigenous people. His engagement with an internationally funded development organization afforded him opportunities to undergo specialized training in Program and Project Management in Melbourne, Australia, and Advocacy and Human Rights in Geneva, Switzerland.

Elmee Joy Oraiz, Department at Southern Leyte State University – Maasin City Campus, Philippines

Elmee Joy D. Oraiz, RSW, MSSW, is a registered social worker and Program Head of the Social Work Department at Southern Leyte State University – Maasin City Campus, Philippines. She holds a Master of Science in Social Work degree and is actively engaged in both teaching and research. Her scholarly work includes co-authorship of The Filipino Migration Story: Challenges and Coping Strategies and presentations in national and international academic forums addressing key social issues. Her dedication to social work education, community service, and evidence-based program development reflects a sustained commitment to academic excellence and social transformation.

References

Age and Disability Consortium. (2018). Minimum standards for age and disability inclusion in humanitarian action. https://adstandards.org/

Cabauatan, R. J., Mendoza, A. V., & Torres, M. L. (2021). Disaster preparedness and disability inclusion: Gaps in Philippine evacuation facilities. Philippine Journal of Social Development, 14(2), 55–72.

Calumba, S. R., Santiago, J. M., & Ueda, T. (2021). Earthquake evacuation choice and management in a developing archipelagic country—A case study of Surigao City, Philippines. Sustainability, 13(11), 5783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115783

Chang, K.-Y. J., Villeneuve, M., Crawford, T., Yen, I., Dominey-Howes, D., & Llewellyn, G. (2023). Disaster preparedness, capabilities, and support needs: The lived experience perspectives of people with disability. Disabilities, 3(4), 648–665. https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities3040042

Chang, Y., Chen, L., & Wu, Y. (2022). Family caregiving burden in households with multiple members having chronic illnesses or disabilities: A population-based study. Journal of Family Nursing, 28(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/10748407211049844

Crawford, T., Chang, K.-Y. J., Nila, F., Subramaniam, P., Bethune, L., Parkinson, D., & Villeneuve, M. (2023). The intersectionality of gender, sexual identity, and disability in disaster risk reduction in OECD countries: A rapid scoping review. Disabilities, 3(4), 562–578. https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities3040036

Disability Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction Network. (n.d.). A synthesis of disability-inclusive disaster risk reduction assessments: Findings from seven countries. DIDRRN. https://didrrn.net/resource/a-synthesis-of-disability-inclusive-disaster-risk-reduction-assesments-findings-from-seven-countries/

Gonzalez, M., Santos, R., & Soriano, F. (2022). The resilience of families in emergency evacuation centers: A case study of Typhoon Haiyan survivors in the Philippines. Disaster Prevention and Management, 31(6), 763–779. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-12-2021-0463

Handicap International. (2012). Disability inclusive community-based disaster risk management: A toolkit. Handicap International.

Harvard Humanitarian Initiative. (2023). Filipino PWDs struggle more in disaster recovery and preparedness. https://hhi.harvard.edu/blog/filipino-pwds-struggle-more-disaster-recovery-and-preparedness

Hernandez, L. A., Pineda, R., & Reyes, A. (2021). Strain on family relationships during disasters: A study of displaced families in the Philippines. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 57, 102191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102191

International Labour Organization. (2022). Decent work for persons with disabilities: Promoting rights in the workplace. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/disability-and-work/lang--en/index.htm

Junod, A., Santos, M. J., & Lee, H. (2024). Disability, housing, and disaster vulnerability: A cross-regional analysis. Journal of Environmental Risk and Social Policy, 12(1), 44–59.

Kaya, A., & Karanci, A. N. (2023). The experiences of people with disabilities in the 2020 Izmir earthquake: A qualitative study. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 85, 103548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103548

Manalo-Asay, M. (2024). Disability-inclusion in disaster risk reduction management (DRRM) programs of the municipalities in Camarines Norte. International Journal of Innovative Studies, 10(1). https://ijois.com/index.php/ijoisjournal/article/view/192

Nielo, L. C. G. (2024). A disaster communication plan for higher education institutions in the island province of Occidental Mindoro, Philippines. Frontiers in Communication. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2024.1368221

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). (2020). Flood information. https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/flood

Philippine Consortium on Social Protection. (n.d.). Promoting self-development and access and participation of persons with disability: A policy brief. https://planinternational.org/uploads/sites/25/2022/03/policy_brief_pwd_final.pdf

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2020). 2020 census of population and housing: Population of Maasin City. https://psa.gov.ph/content/2020-census-population-and-housing-population-maasin-city

Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2021). Correlates of caregiver burden: A meta-analysis. The Gerontologist, 61(5), e185–e197. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa074

PreventionWeb. (2023). Poverty, inequality and disaster risk: Findings from Southeast Asia. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk

Reduction. https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/poverty-inequality-and-disaster-risk-southeast-asia

Rappler. (2019, September 1). Coronavirus pandemic exposes gap in evacuation centers in the Philippines.

https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/coronavirus-pandemic-exposes-gap-evacuation-centers-philippines/

Republic Act No. 10121. (2010). An act strengthening the Philippine disaster risk reduction and management system, providing for the national disaster risk reduction and management framework and institutionalizing the national disaster risk reduction and management plan. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2010/05/27/republic-act-no-10121/

Republic Act No. 7277. (1992). Magna Carta for disabled persons, as amended by R.A. 9442 and R.A. 10524. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1992/03/24/republic-act-no-7277/

Rofiah, N. H., Kawai, N., & Hayati, E. N. (2024). Disability-inclusive disaster risk reduction in schools: A confirmatory factor analysis. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 16(1), a1559. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v16i1.1559

Setijaningrum, E., Kassim, A., Soeginio, A., & Ariawantara, P. (2024). Beyond tokenism, toward resilience: Furthering a paradigmatic shift in disability-inclusive disaster risk reduction. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 2319376. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2319376

Southern Leyte Provincial Government. (2020). Natural disaster risk profile: Province of Southern Leyte. https://www.scribd.com/document/539335215/Southern-Leyte-Tsunami-3

Sphere Association. (2018). The Sphere handbook: Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response (4th ed.). https://spherestandards.org/handbook

Tan, M. L., & Gaillard, J. C. (2023). Disability, communication, and disaster preparedness: Reframing access to information as a rights-based priority. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 93, 103962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103962

Thompson, R., & Dizon, R. A. (2023). Inclusive infrastructure and emergency response: Challenges for persons with disabilities in the Philippines. Journal of Disability and Development, 15(2), 88–103.

United Nations. (2006). Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/convention/convoptprot-e.pdf

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. https://www.undrr.org/publication/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2023). 2023 global survey report on persons with disabilities and disasters. https://www.undrr.org/report/2023-gobal-survey-report-on-persons-with-disabilities-and-disasters

Villeneuve, M., Abson, L., Pertiwi, P., & Moss, M. (2021). Applying a person-centered capability framework to inform targeted action on disability-inclusive disaster risk reduction. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 52, 101979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101979

World Health Organization. (2023, March 7). Disability and health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health(World Health Organization (WHO)